(NYTIMES) – Overwork and burnout aren’t just issues at investment banks. For many, the pandemic has essentially erased the boundaries between work and home: White-collar workers feel stretched to their breaking point. And when offices reopen in earnest, few expect overwork to vanish or burnout to be relegated to the past.
Research suggests all of this excess work isn’t good for anyone, employers included.
So why are so many companies still encouraging it? And when companies do claim they are trying to reduce long hours, why do these efforts so often fail to make a difference?
The diminishing returns of overwork
“There is now a mountain of careful research showing that people who experience long hours of work have serious health consequences,” said Dr John Pencavel, professor emeritus of economics at Stanford. A review of more than 200 studies over two decades on the relationship between long work hours and health found a correlation between extended work weeks and a higher incidence of heart problems and high blood pressure.
People who worked longer hours (which in most studies meant 50 to 60 hours a week – practically part-time by some industry standards) were more likely to suffer injuries on the job and poor sleep at home. There was also a strong link between long work hours and behaviours – such as smoking, and the use of alcohol and substances – that end up affecting workers’ health.
It is not only employees’ health that suffers when regularly working long hours. It is also their work. Research has suggested relationships between rest and problem-solving ability, between time away from work and some aspects of job performance, and between sleep deprivation and lower cognitive performance.
An eye-opening study by Dr Pencavel explored how long hours affect work output by examining detailed data about munitions plant workers during World War I who, like today’s investment bankers, often worked 70 to 90 hours a week.
For the first 49 hours of the week, there was a direct relationship between time and productivity – the more employees worked, the more they got done. Starting at hour 50, employees still produced more the more they worked, but the output for each additional hour worked started to shrink. And after about 64 hours, productivity collapsed – there was little to show for all that extra time except for a lot of additional on-the-job injuries. Dr Pencavel also found that workers who worked seven consecutive days without rest produced less than people who worked the same number of hours over six days in a week.
Why efforts to reduce overwork fail
Even in demanding fields, companies have had some success with models that produce high volumes of quality work without decimating employee health and engagement.
Over the past decade, Boston Consulting Group and London-based PwC, the brand name for PricewaterhouseCoopers, have both rolled out flexibility policies that allow for greater work-life balance, in large part thanks to demands from younger workers.
PwC granted all employees the right to ask for flexible work schedules, and announced it will pay a US$250 (S$332) bonus, up to four times a year, to employees who take a full consecutive week of vacation. Boston Consulting introduced options for employees to take up to two months off or reduce their work schedules while remaining on their career tracks. The gradual return to the office also offers employers an opportunity to experiment with flexible schedules.
Organisations can change
Their people are often better off when they do. But they have to actually want to do so. And when it comes to ultra-competitive firms such as Goldman, and the people who choose to work there, the incentive to change may simply not be there.
That is the conclusion that Dr Alexandra Michel reached after two decades of observing investment bankers, both in the depths of analyst hell and, for those who eventually leave, in their post-banking lives. Dr Michel, an adjunct professor with the University of Pennsylvania’s Graduate School of Education, also worked at Goldman for five years – three as an analyst and two in the chief of staff’s office – before leaving to get her doctorate at Wharton.
She has been following four cohorts of investment bankers for the past 20 years. She has documented a business model that relies on inexhaustible waves of new talent. Most workers endure gruelling working hours, and around the fourth year on the job, many analysts start seeing their bodies break down.
This is what she said in a recent interview: “When I talk to journalists and to bankers and so on, when they hear that people work 100 hours a week, they don’t ask, ‘Is that bad for your health?’ They ask, ‘Is that bad for your performance?’ What’s interesting is that for the first four years, it isn’t. People are selected by banks based on their exceptional stamina. These people are extraordinary.
“After four years, they get ill. Their hair falls out. They gain weight. But nothing bad happens to performance. After about year seven, something happens to performance that the banks really care about, mainly creativity decline. And at that time, bankers leave because their bodies are depleted.”